The Reformation & European Wars of Religion. English Civil War. Played 257 times. The population of the Czech lands declined by a third. France, although always ruled by a Catholic monarch, had played a major part in supporting the Protestants in Germany and the Netherlands against their dynastic rivals, the Habsburgs. Henry I, Duke of Guise, formed the Catholic League to protect the Catholic cause in France. Ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars (last purely dynastic. The joint Royalist and Confederate forces under the Duke of Ormonde attempted to eliminate the Parliamentary army holding Dublin, but their opponents routed them at the Battle of Rathmines (2 August 1649). Some areas of Europe had more than 30 percent of their population wiped out. In recent years religion has resurfaced amongst academics, in many ways replacing class as the key to understanding Europe's historical development. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Oliver Cromwell's conduct in this battle proved decisive, and demonstrated his leadership potential. His policy of religious uniformity in the Netherlands alienated the most wealthy and prosperous part of his dominions. In France, the Edict of Nantes in 1598 embraced the provisions of previous treaties and accorded the Protestant Huguenots toleration within the state, together with the political and military means of defending the privileges that they had exacted. European Wars of Religion DRAFT. With the state-ordered break with the Pope in Rome, the Church in England, Wales and Ireland was placed under the rule of the King and Parliament. The largest of the religious wars was the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), a multifaceted, dynamically shifting, European-wide war that brought the many strands of inter-state conflict together. The turning-point came in the late summer and early autumn of 1643, when the Earl of Essex's army forced the king to raise the siege of Gloucester and then brushed the Royalist army aside at the First Battle of Newbury on 20 September 1643. Episodes of widespread famine and disease devastated the population of the German states and, to a lesser extent, the Low Countries and Italy, while bankrupting many of the powers involved. Earthly Life . Knox was declared an outlaw by the Queen Regent, Mary of Guise, but the Protestants went at once to Perth, a walled town that could be defended in case of a siege. During the war, Germany's population was reduced by 30% on average. The sack of the city of Antwerp by mutinous Spanish soldiery in 1576 (three years after the dismissal of Philip II’s autocratic and capable governor, the duke de Alba) completed the commercial decline of Spain’s greatest economic asset. 5. The city prepared to fight to the death rather than accept a Calvinist king. Uploaded by. HELL . In 1576, the King signed the Edict of Beaulieu, granting minor concessions to the Calvinists, but a brief Sixth Civil War took place in 1577. Finally, his ambition to make England and France the satellites of Spain weakened his ability to suppress Protestantism in both countries. In History. Under pressure from the Duke of Guise, Henri III reluctantly issued an edict suppressing Protestantism and annulling Henri of Navarre's right to the throne. Read European Wars Of Religion books like The Children of the New Forest and Auldearn 1645 with a free trial The war ended with the Treaty of Münster, a part of the wider Peace of Westphalia. The Duke of Guise had been highly popular in France, and the league declared open war against King Henry. Save. On 12 May 1588, a popular uprising raised barricades on the streets of Paris, and Henry III fled the city. The French Wars of Religion, (1562 to 1598) were a long and damaging series of conflicts … See Also: Absolute Monarchs Powerpoints. Flag of the Catholic League. Europe was plagued by wars of religion. In 1566, on the Assumption of the Virgin day, a group of Calvinists in the Netherlands stormed Catholic churches, destroying statutes and relics in a town just outside of Antwerp. The King knew that he had to take Paris if he stood any chance of ruling all of France. The immediate issue was the French Protestants' struggle for freedom of worship and the right of establishment (see Huguenots).Of equal importance, however, was the struggle for power between the crown and the great nobles and the rivalry among the great nobles themselves for the control of the king. The Reformation in Scotland began in conflict. Spaans (1999) argues that iconoclasm was actually organized by local elites for political reasons [2] In general, local authorities did not step in to rein in the vandalism. The Bourbons, with English support, and led by Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, and Admiral Coligny began to seize and garrison strategic towns along the Loire. The Swedish armies alone destroyed 2,000 castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in Germany, one-third of all German towns. The Catholic League's presses and supporters continued to spread stories about atrocities committed against Catholic priests and the laity in Protestant England (see Forty Martyrs of England and Wales). For the final stage of the revolution, Maitland appealed to Scottish patriotism to fight French domination. In the Netherlands the wise Burgundian policies of Charles V were largely abandoned by Philip II and his lieutenants. Following the restoration of Catholicism under Queen Mary I of England in 1553, there was a brief unsuccessful Protestant rising in the south-east of England. answer choices . The situation on the ground in 1589 was that King Henry IV of France, as Navarre had become, held the south and west, and the Catholic League the north and east. The Battle of Dreux and the battle of Orléans, were the first major engagements of the conflict. France. The number of actual image-breakers appears to have been relatively small. In 1568, William returned to try to drive the highly unpopular Duke of Alba from Brussels. This prompted intervention by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria on behalf of the Catholics. In March 1560, the "Amboise conspiracy", or "Tumult of Amboise", was an attempt on the part of a group of disaffected nobles to abduct the young king Francis II and eliminate the Catholic House of Guise. This time, on 24 October 1559, the Scottish nobility formally deposed Mary of Guise from the regency. The political interests of the aristocracy and the vacillating policy of balance pursued by Henry II’s widow, Catherine de Médicis, prolonged these conflicts. Even though religion was given as the reaso for war, there were many other reason as well. This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia.The original content was at Category:European wars of religion.The list of authors can be seen in the page history.As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License. With the help of the Scots, Parliament won at Marston Moor (2 July 1644), gaining York and much of the north of England. In keeping with Salic Law, he named Henri as his heir. This was a step which the princes who supported Luther were in no way willing to countenance. one who was not supportive of Calvinism.) Cromwell's suppression of the Royalists in Ireland during 1649 still has a strong resonance for many Irish people. DEATH. The total defeat of the insurgents at Frankenhausen (May 15, 1525), was followed by the execution of Müntzer and thousands of peasant followers. The fragile compromise came to an end in 1584, when the King's youngest brother and heir presumptive, François, Duke of Anjou, died. attack Spain. Contemporary estimates put the dead at 100,000. The conflict took place mostly in southern, western and central areas of modern Germany but also affected areas in neighboring modern Switzerland and Austria. The Wars of Religion (1562-1598) The Reformation. After numerous minor incidents and provocations from both sides, a Catholic priest was executed in the Thurgau in May 1528, and the Protestant pastor J. Keyser was burned at the stake in Schwyz in 1529. In Uncategorized. The situation degenerated into the Eighth War (1585–1589). Knox negotiated by letter with William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Elizabeth's chief advisor, for English support. Defeat of the Spanish Armada This defeat is seen has one of the most famous events in English history. The Wars of Religion Germany , France , and the Netherlands each achieved a settlement of the religious problem by means of war, and in each case the solution contained original aspects. The course will focus on cultural and social aspects of religious and civil conflict during the German Peasants’ Revolt, Dutch Revolt, French Wars of Religion, Thirty Years’ War, and British Ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars (last purely dynastic wars of the 16 th century) 2. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis, 1559 1. By the end of the 16th century the Rhine lands and those of southern Germany remained largely Catholic, while Lutherans predominated in the north, and Calvinists dominated in west-central Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Claiming to be the successor of David, John of Leiden was installed as king, legalized polygamy, and himself took sixteen wives, one of whom he beheaded himself in the marketplace. The Holy Roman Empire, encompassing present-day Germany and portions of neighbouring lands, was the single area most devastated by the Wars of Religion. Moray and the rebellious lords were routed and fled into exile, the decisive military action becoming known as the Chaseabout Raid. A mob poured into the church and it was entirely gutted. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Trouver des images haute résolution de qualité dans la banque d'images Getty Images. In History. The Holy Roman Empire, superimposed on modern political boundaries. In History. The revolt of the Holy League against the prospect of a Protestant king in the person of Henry of Navarre released new forces among the Catholic lower classes, which the aristocratic leadership was unable to control. Military intervention by external powers such as Denmark and Sweden on the Protestant side increased the duration of the war and the extent of its devastation. Starting as a revolt against feudal oppression, the peasants' uprising became a war against all constituted authorities, and an attempt to establish by force an ideal Christian commonwealth,[citation needed] with absolute equality and the community of goods. The Lutheran duke Maurice of Saxony assisted Charles V in the first Schmalkaldic War in 1547 in order to win the Saxon electoral dignity from his Protestant cousin, John Frederick; while the Catholic king Henry II of France supported the Lutheran cause in the second Schmalkaldic War in 1552 to secure French bases in Lorraine. 1555. 0. In 1579 Alessandro Farnese, duke di Parma, succeeded in recovering the allegiance of the Catholic provinces, while the Protestant north declared its independence. The last straw was the installation of a Catholic reeve at Baden, and Zürich declared war on 8 June, occupied the Thurgau and the territories of the Abbey of St. Gall and marched to Kappel at the border to Zug. As Henry III had no son, under Salic Law, the next heir to the throne was the Calvinist Prince Henri of Navarre. A SmartBoard Notebook file that contains a simple question sequence assignment on the French and European Wars of Religion. However tax-raising authority for these wars was getting harder and harder to raise from parliament. Community of goods was also established. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis, 1559 1. In 1656, tensions between Protestants and Catholics re-emerged and led to the outbreak of the First War of Villmergen. As hostilities broke out, the Edict was revoked. At the church of St John the Baptist, Knox preached a fiery sermon which provoked an iconoclastic riot. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. The European Wars of Religion: An Interdisciplinary Reassessment of Sources, Interpretations, and Myths Learn from European Wars Of Religion experts like Frederick Marryat and Stuart Reid. The Catholic cantons in response had formed an alliance with Ferdinand of Austria. Edit. Discover the best European Wars Of Religion books and audiobooks. The sudden death of Mary of Guise in Edinburgh Castle on 10 June 1560 paved the way for the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh, and the withdrawal of French and English troops from Scotland, leaving the Scottish Calvinists in control on the ground. The first challenge to the institution of these reforms came from Ireland, where 'Silken' Thomas Fitzgerald cited the controversy to justify his armed uprising of 1534. The Huguenot army was under the command of Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé and aided by forces from south-eastern France and a contingent of Protestant militias from Germany—including 14,000 mercenary reiters led by the Calvinist Duke of Zweibrücken. After the siege of Drogheda, the massacre of nearly 3,500 people[citation needed]—comprising around 2,700 Royalist soldiers and all the men in the town carrying arms, including civilians, prisoners, and Catholic priests—became one of the historical memories that has driven Irish-English and Catholic-Protestant strife during the last three centuries. htranx. This has resulted in an explosion of studies revisiting issues of religious change, confessional violence and holy war during the early modern period. However, with Protestant reinforcements arriving from neighbouring counties, the queen regent retreated to Dunbar. Mary claimed to favour religious toleration on the French model, however the Protestant establishment feared a reestablishment of Catholicism, and sought with English help to neutralise or depose Mary. European Wars of Religion Timeline created by Michelle Moua. Her son James VI was raised as a Protestant, later becoming King of England as well as Scotland. The Committee of Sixteen took complete control of the government and welcomed the Duke of Guise to Paris. Buy The European Wars of Religion (Hardcover) at Walmart.com invade England. Church property was seized and Catholic worship was forbidden in most lands which adopted the Lutheran Reformation. However this was a decade in which Protestantism was able to entrench its position in the lands that it already occupied. The major impact of the Thirty Years' War, in which mercenary armies were extensively used, was the devastation of entire regions scavenged bare by the foraging armies. Following the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, the Emperor demanded that all religious innovations not authorised by the Diet be abandoned by 15 April 1531. Notable exceptions were Amsterdam and Middelburg, which remained loyal to the Catholic cause until capture in 1578. In 1562, seven years after the Peace of Augsburg had established a truce in Germany on the basis of territorialism, France became the centre of religious wars which endured, with brief intermissions, for 36 years. The Huguenots tried to gain French government support for intervention against the Spanish forces arriving in the Netherlands. Increasingly threatened by the armies of the English Parliament after Charles I's arrest in 1648, the Confederates signed a treaty of alliance with the English Royalists. The following year, the attacks extended to over 20 cities and towns, and would, in turn, incite Catholic urban groups to massacres and riots in Sens, Cahors, Carcassonne, Tours and other cities.[3]. In response, William united the northern states of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and the province of Groningen in the Union of Utrecht on January 23, 1579. On March 1, however, a faction of the Guise family's retainers attacked an illegal Calvinist service in Wassy-sur-Blaise in Champagne. The Empire was a fragmented collection of semi-independent states with an elected Holy Roman Emperor as its head; after the 14th century, this position was usually held by a Habsburg. 1. Mary's marriage to a leading Catholic, precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant Lords in open rebellion. 1555. It was Europe's largest and most widespread popular uprising before the 1789 French Revolution. 1555. Peace of Augsburg A treaty between Charles V and the forces of Lutheran princes signed in 1555, which officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose which religion would reign in their principality Catherine and Charles decided this time to ally themselves with the House of Guise. 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