Too often only the global and national level are recognized as relevant political arenas. <<5E04D95EF02C1F4A979590C56857CBCC>]>> The elected parliament should not be subordinate to regional non-elected bodies, but the extent of its powers needs to be controlled from lower levels. The author claims no ownership of his ideas nor originality for his views. Regional integration is seen as a rational response to the difficulties faced by a continent with many small national markets and landlocked countries. Coalition for comprehensive democracy, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam in Finland. Regional cooperation in the global South and between increasingly self-reliant but co-operating Southern regional blocs can be essential for gaining economic, political and cultural autonomy from Europe and the US, serving global solidarity and environmental responsibility. However, some of the more prominent ones have either not moved beyond a primitive stage, as in the case of SAARC in South Asia, or have been based on neoliberal principles, like ASEAN in Southeast Asia. Regional Integration and Challenges of Africa’s Development 7 V. Regional Economic Communities - The Capacity Challenges 8 VI. Recent key developments, such as the text and ratification process of the Lisbon Treaty, the formation of Europe’s new global economic policy, and the struggles over the working time, services and chemical legislation at the European level, show that corporate interests and narrowly defined economic goals still tend to dominate EU-policies. (In the EU this is still not the case!) 2. It is true in a limited sense. I wish to bring out some lessons for regional integration from the fifty years of building the European Union: (1) Peace ambitions may undermine democracy: 0000002594 00000 n We must, however, humbly admit that the Nordic identity has weakened in the last 15 years as we have been been overwhelmed by globalisation and EU-integration. The USA carries the main burden of classical warfare, the EU steps in economically and logistically in the aftermath of the war, takinmg care of crisis management. �O���.���!�a��`ݴ0� ��Y��ř4�g0A��!�&��pj���O�s�=���͗��s~��s~�wn� ������s He is the author of 15 books, the latest of which is The Food Wars (New York: Verso, 2009). Without a commitment to peaceful cooperation and civilisational alternatives zero-sum competition for growth and unsustainable life-styles among nations and regions is likely to dominate global politics in the 21st century. In the golden age of the Nordic model, the small North European area that I come from, had disproportionate global significance in pro-people politics. Economic integration should be subservient to social justice and radical democracy. +  The political weight and influence of large corporations tends to be relatively greater on regional than on national and local levels of political decision-making. 0000003422 00000 n Integration has proceeded on the initiative and under the leadership of bureaucratic elites. finance and climate. 5. Finally the paper identifies the prospects for integration in West Africa. “The reason was for regions to trade within themselves first,” said the real estate businessman, pointing out that little integration has been achieved so far. Most times, conflicts that are found in culturally diverse communities are largely unavoidable. Los ejemplos de Panamá y Bolivia. 6. 4. xref For these reasons new instruments for political regulations are called for. For this, effective, almost excessive formal veto powers by smaller members states in the regional organisations are needed to counter the effective and lasting, greater political weight of larger members. The Bretton Woods institutions and the WTO-framwork have been insufficient or even dysfunctional for development, ecological responsibility and economic stability, especially for the global South. 6. Even under the condition of functional interdependence globally of the competing blocs, climate change, development failures and resource depletion combined with nuclear proliferation and the evolution of new military technologies may easily lead to completely new types of wars with planetary consequences. The creation of a common internal market and of common external economic policies, especially as regards trade, has been a priority in European integration. Finally, the last I would mention is how to undertake a process of regional integration that transcends the logic of capitalism, to borrow the words of Hugo Chavez. Chapter III examines the external challenges facing the region today, particularly as regards its trade relations with Europe, the United States, Canada and Latin America. European integration has gained popular support and political legitimacy from two great promises. The regional cooperation we are looking for must protect and build upon people-to-people solidarity and conviviality. challenges to regional integration in africa: the case of the revived east africa community 2000-2012 gichohi marvin muhammad r50/69883/2011 a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of master of arts in international studies.institute of diplomacy and international studies, university of nairobi august 2015 The new politics of global security that we need, must, as Gandhi and others have clearly seen long back, be linked to the construction of pro-people and environmentally sound development models. The industrial growth centred development model that first emerged in Europe and North America in the 18th to 20th century needs to be seriously reconsidered. 213-218. It will take time to overcome it. 1. The G-192 that met in June 2009 for a UN General Assembly on the financial crisis and its impact on development also needs strengthening. ��Ő<8gГ�#G98�T�;�T�l�a�U��9��1����#'&g@'�ڒ���3��Y��h��d��Ȓ�����py����xX����;���B�l�ۂwٳ��o+�GYXS55� I�w��"4fZ��;˿-�C΄ڒ�W�3/�wot��� One item that fascinates us is the use of barter as a key method of trade, for instance, the exchange of Venezuelan oil for Bolivian soybeans or of Venezuelan oil for medical services rendered by Cuban volunteers. So far so good. The fourth is how to promote a development process that is sustainable, that is, one that is built on ecologically benign technologies and is not based on ever-rising material consumption per capita, though of course the spreading of material wealth via income redistribution is necessary to bring people out of poverty. The paper then identifies the challenges to regional integration in West Africa by looking at some institutions of ECOWAS. September 2007 . He serves as an elected member of the city council of Helsinki and is co-chair of the social-democratic group. CHALLENGES WITH INTEGRATING 15 SOVEREIGN STATES • The High Cost/Difficulty in doing business • Geography/ Inefficiencies in Transportation • Different legal traditions and systems • Restricted freedom of movement • No Currency convertibility • Lack of Political will • … This should not be seen as a problem. + The fourth is the mere fact that Latin Ametican efforts towards regional integration can learn from the European experience, positively and negatively. endstream endobj 244 0 obj <>stream The repeated side-stepping of the outcome of national referenda on EU-issues, such as the French and Dutch rejection of the EU constitution  and the Irish rejection of the Lisbon Treaty is rapidly leading Europe to a very serious and deep crisis in democratic legitimacy and participation. It remains open, however, what the implications are for the politics of global governance and the role of regional and national politics. H��S�N�A~�}����p��=_bEKcl*[���@� �M�����դ�&�2��wF Los puntos que el Paraguay plantea. The fifth is how to avoid a technocrat-led process and promote instead the democratization of decision-making in all areas of the economy. “Neoliberalism died in 2008-2009. – All references are given for purposes of identification and transparency only. * Lastly, as compared with Europe, Latin America (as well as e.g. The Challenges of Regional Integration for Development in Africa: Problems and Prospects. The dark side of this idea was that EU integration has worked top-down. Together the cooperating regions may make historic contributions to a post-colonial and post-imperial, pluricentric and peaceful world order. 3. In decolonising development, art iculating new visions of good life (buen vivir) and building radical democracy the movements South America are today a great source of energy and hope for people on all continents. Everywhere people recognise that the ruling elites are failing and at a loss. Because of systemic constraints in the so called leading nations we cannot wait for the Obamas and even Lulas of the world to show the way for the deep changes we need. The sense of competition fosters widely felt anxiety. for intra-regional trade. La soberanía hidroeléctrica paraguaya y los tratados de Itaipú, Yacyretá y MERCOSUR. The global record seems to be that industrial growth economies are not capable of overcoming poverty and deprivation everywhere. 0000047083 00000 n integration is that the great ma jority of Regional Integration Arrangements (RIAs) involve n eighboring countries (hence the term “regional”). 2. Hence, and this is my first point today, people seeking social and ecological justice need to recognise that the shift to politics for sustainable futures that the world so badly needs will not come about just because neo-liberalism goes away. 0000007449 00000 n The main ideas are familiar to all by now. ASEAN’s idea of integration is to see it as a step towards full-scale globalization, a process that is termed “open regionalism.”. It should also lead the world out of its multiple crises on the long-term. In: Elhiraika A.B., Mukungu A.C.K., Nyoike W. (eds) Regional Integration and Policy Challenges in Africa. Even quite conservative new models for measuring overall success in development, such as the so called Happy Planet Index, indicate that life-conditions in the US, Sweden, Germany and other similar countries reached an all-time high in th 1970s and haved steadily deteriorated since then. State borders are becoming more porous than before, people are meeting and mixing more than before. In the global arenas, at WTO, the World Bank or even in the climate negotiations positive news are yet to come. �N6� �7�ޏ���V��� �h$� L ��p�`:y��HF��!�琧[l�>Y�)Hr�|hM4���ne0Rjd�'�cƕ�2`F�F&ҩ��` But the nature of global integration is changing, entailing new challenges for policymaking. And the OAU had some successes and challenges, but the exigencies necessitated a shift in the paradigms undergirding the integration effort. challenges and prospects of regional integration in africa: a case study of east african community by david ngochi ngari reg. As a result, African governments have concluded a very large number of regional integration arrangements, several of which have ;�Rξezw$]�[xi��!�V���4�L��Z��}�7=����3/��q�����٣S�0�3�>r����O{'��� Ŷ��j�^r�G��W��ŵ��hc3&�{�`�j,�.�8#P���L���!���ڈ�]�F�gr��Z�`��pbQ��"ˏ��l�p���bt��~�����x�'��a����F���}����`�3����*�փ>�#-;yG�m 0000002120 00000 n We are intrigued by the comment of President Hugo Chavez during the World Social Forum in Caracas in 2006 that these practices “go beyond the logic of capitalism.”. A. The Implications of ‘The Global Crisis’ in relation to the challenges and the strategic Regional Policy Alternatives facing the Southern African Development Community, COMUNICADO De los participantes de la Conferencia “Integración Regional: una oportunidad frente a la crisis”, Asunción, Paraguay, 21-22 Julio, 2009, Activities organized by the regional networks, Actividades Organizadas por las Redes Regionales, Regional Integration and alternatives Theory, Teoria de Integración Regional y Alternativas, “Conferencia Internacional de gobiernos y movimientos sociales “Integración regional: una oportunidad frente a las crisis”, Conference on “Regional Integration: an Opportunity Presented by the Crisis”. COMESA and SADC face several challenges in pursuing open regionalism (in the form of a commitment to nondiscriminatory tariff liberalization). Since its inception in the 1950s the EU has been seen as a device to overcome the belligerent tendencies of nation-states. This year 100 years have passed since Gandhi wrote his definitive statement, the pivotal pamphlet Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule on board a ship between Britain and South  Africa. For instance, it appears to me that it can be advantageous to build relatively more on existing sub-regional organizations than has been done in the European context where Benelux, Nordic and other sub-regional cooperation structures have been eroded by European institutions when a better policy could have been to sustain and strengthen them as parts of a multilayered regional cooperation structure. Because of the post-war technocratic logic of EU-integration the democratic crisis in Europe is also very deep-seated. 237 0 obj <> endobj Situación de la integración eléctrica en América del Sur. For this and other reasons the primacy of economic policy instruments is a deep-seated feature of European integration. 264 0 obj <>stream y�8D�������W�v 5���$l/��tA�biK�. 0000008047 00000 n DESCARGUE LA PRESENTACION COMPLETA EN PDF, (Speech at the Conference on “Regional Integration: an Opportunity Presented by the Crisis”, look Universidad de Deportes, Asuncion, Paraguay, July 21-22, 2009.). I recognise the enormous difficulties you are facing, including the current crisis in Honduras. In the EU the centralising and liberalising Lissabon treaty is back on track. 0000050482 00000 n I only want to add that not only are the different areas of crisis interconnected and systemic. “The Challenge of Regional Integration” ... to think about regional integration • A choice for regional integration is a choice for liberalism • Liberalism limited to the region • Integration can be deep or shallow, more or less liberal 3. One: the fundamental principle of democracy, that all state power and all power of regional authorities belongs to the people, must always be recognized formally. Bilal, S. Is the EU model of regional integration? 5. The people have been seen as prone to aggressive sentiment. In Bolivia there seems to be encouraging experiments along this line that could serve as a model for further work. Challenges of Regional Integration By Thomas Wallgren * Presentation given at International Conference of governments and social movements “Regional Integration: an opportunity to face the crises” (21 and 22 July 2009, stuff Asunción del Paraguay) 13. The challenges of regional integration in Southern Africa @article{Chingono2009TheCO, title={The challenges of regional integration in Southern Africa}, author={Mark Chingono and Steve Nakana}, journal={African Journal of Political Science and International Relations}, year={2009}, volume={3}, pages={396-408} } Por Roberto Colmán, generic Coordinadora Nacional por la Integración y la Soberanía Energética, help Paraguay, * Presentacion en la “Conferencia Internacional de gobiernos y movimientos sociales “Integración regional: una oportunidad frente a las crisis” (Paraguay, 21 y 22 Julio 2009). Regional economic blocs are not new. In view of recent experiences elsewhere this is likely to be more important for post-national democracy than computer-intensity. Control y trasparencia. March 3-4, 2016. The evolution of constitutionalism in the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe: some lessons for the post-Soviet space. %%EOF All in all, it is clear by now that radical shifts in power structures, economic distribution or national or international policies are not easily within reach. Peace-politics cannot imply thoughtless pacifism. Without these impressive ideas European integration could not have been brought to its present level. r50/82648/2015 a research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of masters of arts degree in international studies october 2016 0000002021 00000 n The opposite politics of regional integration which allows mobility only internally and is closed to the outer world, with exceptions allowed only for selfish reasons or on market premises is a false and dangerous model. (4) Regional integration is possible but needs to be democratic: 2. * Regional cooperation may have democratizing effects on the relations between big and small countries. In this tradition markets and trade have often been given politically very expansive interpretations: in the EU (as in the WTO) the free movement of trade in goods has not been enough. �㙆��W�8�%Ѫ~�a :��N���F���@�s�`���L��6>��yd78M,x���Qiej�q� �_�����ACy�4!��csb�#G!����Y*�f�˩��{u]����� For regional integration in Africa to be a success, Africa’s leaders will have to move beyond grand gestures and abstract visions. + The first is a commonality of cultural values and identity. 4. 237 28 In global efforts large corporations and states still have a relative advantage over other actors. Regional Cooperation and Integration Capacity 13 VIII. For instance, the plan to build oil and gas pipelines from Venezuela to the furthermost areas of South America is probably dangerous and damaging not only to the environment but also to the indigenous peoples. In a new kind of regionalism special zones for people’s power from below can be created, where people and nature are protected against corporations and states. This, it may be argued, is the new logic of Western, imperial military hegemony. In order to curb excess corporate influence strong measures must be taken at all times. no. + The third is common interest. GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL PREMISES OF REGIONAL COOPERATION, Regional integration in the context of collapsing neo-liberalism, authoritarian capitalism and the search for cultural alternatives. Sumario In societies atomised socially and empoverished culturally by late capitalism and consumerism nation state are often seen as competitors. E-mail:  thomas.wallgren@helsinki.fi. Nevertheless, as we have seen during the past months the demise of neo-liberalism does not mean the end of capitalism nor does it automatically change the balance of power or fundamental policies. In reality the question of regional integration is also related to an extraordinary variety of economic, political and socio-cultural issues. Economic integration has intentionally been built as a device that will promote political and other integration later, behind the backs of the reluctant citizens. These can include for instance protection and support of micro and small enterprise as well as of local knowledge systems and forms or democracy, the launch of local and regional currencies with high social and ecological value, and so forth. reserve currency must work under democratic political guidance and pursue socially and ecologically responsible monetary policies; 15, No. *Walden Bello is a member of the House of Representatives of the Republic of the Philippines, president of the Freedom from Debt Coalition, and senior analyst at the Bangkok-based institute Focus on the Global South. Technological changes have made possible deep changes in the economy. Other developments and challenges: looking beyond the Customs Union. 0000002383 00000 n The third is how to promote a development process that does not reproduce social inequalities at the regional and national levels in the name of capital accumulation. Having said this let me stress that our efforts must complement and give life to, but not undermine the UN centred multilateral system. H�4�W[SQ��AQ������ Regional cooperation in the South can provide protection from dysfunctional and failing global institutions. The mechanisms to achieve this need careful attention. x��UoL[U?��6ڧPQ��;;�H'm����La0��`�H� Another is the subsidization of the oil needs of 14 Caribbean countries by Venezuela, which sells fuel to them at 40 per cent off the world price. It must draw its strength from the confidence and creativity of ordinary people who are engaged in a multitude of local struggles and in a plurality of efforts towards decolonisation and civilisational renewal. Both ideas are now in a crisis. 0000042727 00000 n * The European experience shows that regional cooperation can be effective in enhancing the power and  economic and social status of oppressed minorities and underprivileged regions. Hence, as long as power structure are not altered, we should not expect too much good to come out from institutions working on global regulation of e.g. Focus of Trade Policy Development Capacity Building 10 VII. The legitimacy and need for non-state political cooperation is obvious and  in regional cooperation as well tax-payers money and other public resources should not be exclusively spent on state and market driven integration. I suggest that a maximum size of corporations is considered as well as sealings on individual ownership and control of corporate activity. These experiences are at an early stage and yet they already contain lessons for other parts of the world. Democratising the politics and economy of globalisation is important but difficult. This article looks at the global and regional integration of the Indian Ocean economy, with a view to identifying challenges to greater integration. Less attention has, for understandable reasons, been paid to the contribution of Europe to global security. It is important for us all that this political and cultural resurgence is placed at the centre of regional integration here. Cogestión paritaria. Focus more on South-South Trade Four: the political logic of democratic regionalism by the people and for the people should be pluralistic and decentred. Deepening economic interdependence between nations and regions, the increasing importance of a globalised capital market and the increasing size and power of transnational corporations have overburdened the steering and regulating capacity of nation states. At the moment, the effort by EU-leaders to enforce the Lisbin treaty show that so far the EU is on the wrong track in this regard. As we have seen in South Asia, Europe, North America and elsewhere the consequence is often un upsurge of xenophobic identity-politics, increasing militarisation and securitisation and even terror by states and non-state agencies. Three: the peoples must always have effective control, before the fact and after the fact, of the balance of powers between regional and national authorities. Globally the political debates seem to be moving from a discussion of separate crises to a discussion of inter-connected crises: of the finance sector, the world economy, political governance, food, water, development and climate. Magang believes one of the challenges restricting integration is the economic imbalance within Africa’s trade blocs. Donors and Institutions Supporting Regional Cooperation and 0000036889 00000 n The regional arena is too often considered to be only complementary to nation states and global institutional arrangements and global governance. In India the elections were won by a centre right still pursuing growth through exports, international competitiveness, intensified exploitation of domestic natural resources and deepened integration into global markets. Regional integration refers to the process of states coming together to sign agreements where they agree to cooperate in certain areas common to them. Pérdidas por la no integración eléctrica. Thomas Wallgren 0000006829 00000 n Nevertheless I want to welcome the quality and direction of development in many South and Latin American countries in the last few years and the efforts and the decisive contribution of ordinary people from the struggling classes to them. The new argument has been the argument from globalization. They should all be seen as symptoms of an underlying cultural crisis; a crisis of development models and the fundamental aspirations and ideals of modernization. My fourth suggestion is that all political reforms and initiatives now of the short and medium term should be shaped so as not to hamper but rather support a civilisational shift in which the ultimate goals and ideals of development are reconsidered. Political, cultural and moral initiative that will inspire hope on all continents can and needs to come from many places. Protecting the rule of law in post-Soviet states: the relevance of European and Eurasian integration 0000002164 00000 n He is affiliated with the Brussels based organisation Corporate Europe Observatory, chair of the Finnish Refugee Council and co-chair of Alternative to the EU – Finland. 14. The lesson for other regions is again negative. MERCOSUR evolved from open regionalism to postliberal regionalism in the course of the first 15 years of the 21st century. 0000008757 00000 n The experience of the past years has shown clearly the inadequacy of the current structure, instruments and policies of global financial regulation and economic development. *�c�z��L=�]�3BYjnXJc���L,�^I}>���“���yZ�����$3Csa�*�`�?v�K&~i�3� %��s�y��;���twN\T�ߌ�s��bK'�Ʌ�v�2��N��D���~�*KrMm�6�8|��#�b�F���Ƶ��x��c�C aJʼ����Sbu8��o��ȡzh�����G��� u��0������x���AV��ز� ��l�?�,f0��6P��&�2��,�_��m�Z�Z�H��1��T0��2��d�q}O��Z�Z�V��Ճ�,�-�^ϔݳq��%`�`$@�Uk��h�f���d �A�u���T���\V����!�����n@JW�,^���x�տ~��.�~jH��a� We need a new internationalism that is not founded on state to state cooperation or market integration. South Asia) has four distinct advantages as compared with Europe in its effort to build pro-people, ecologically sustainable regional cooperation to the benefit of the global community. Nevertheless, for historical, cultural and social reasons the global North cannot be trusted too much in the search for new civilisational visions and new socially and ecologically enriching models for progress and development. 3. My second point today is that regional politics needs to be recognised more than before as a relevant arena of political initiative in its own right. For this reason pro-people regional cooperation should systematically promote cultures and economies of sustainability and peace. The Indian Ocean is an increasingly important component of the world economy. He carries sole responsibility for the views expressed and all shortcomings of his remarks. And national level and what powers to hold at the domestic level may be the official of! Rule of law in post-Soviet states: the political logic of Western, imperial military hegemony America other... About that powers to hold at the national market in sustaining economic growth economic. 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