Language plays a significant role in the production, maintenance, and change in relations of power. CCO Public Domain Ethics refers to a set of rules that describes acceptable conduct in society. Telling the truth is the best way to deal with criticism or doubt from readers. This distinction between conscious intention and unintentional distortion has been central to studies of journalism ethics, where questions of staged, falsified, and censored news are central (Wilcox, 1961; Wulfemeyer, 1985; Zelizer, 2007). In Rawls’s view, meritocracy cannot be just unless everyone begins at the same starting line with the same resources, experiences, endowments, etc. Utilitarianism, associated with the 18th-century British philosophies of John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, theorizes that we are ethically bound to do what is best for the most people. Who dictates the terms of what is normative, correct, standard, common sense? Please choose from an option shown below. For example, Habermas’s discourse ethics prescribes the development and acceptance of rationally grounded validity claims and nontranscendable norms that are produced in democratic argumentation, whereas Rawls’s theory of justice relies upon the discursive achievement of overlapping consensus and public reason. Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your own thoughts, needs, and feelings. Indeed, every form of communication is centered on a value or set of values. Read 2 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Influenced in part by Alasdair MacIntyre’s neo-Aristotlean work, “After Virtue,” as well as Jürgen Habermas’s discourse ethics, public sphere theory, and theory of communicative action, scholars in the last part of the 20th and first part of the 21st century became increasingly interested in ethical questions pertaining to truth conditions in political discourse, such as journalism, political rhetoric, and discourse in the public sphere (Baynes, 1994; Ettema & Glasser, 1988). A question about deception, for example, could be examined in any number of communication contexts (e.g., social media, political campaigns, workplace organization, family relations), from any of a number of theoretical perspectives or concerns (e.g., ideological, dialogic, rhetorical, universalist), employing any number of modes of ethical reasoning (e.g., virtue, deontological, teleological, care) and any combination within and between these categories. Print news and the ethical standards for newspaper reporters were the first concerns of anything that could be called communication ethics. The harm that an unregulated press could do to society was first explicitly linked to ethical principles in North America and Europe during the 1890s, when critics began assessing journa… In the 1980s and 1990s, communication scholars affiliated with what was then the Speech Communication Association (now the National Communication Association) inaugurated the first communication ethics commission and, subsequently, the first national conference on ethics (Arnett, Bell, & Fritz, 2010). Communication ethics is marked by heterogeneity through the sheer multiplicity of ethical concerns, disciplinary contexts, theoretical perspectives, and modes of reasoning it can pursue. Because discourses are ways of displaying membership in particular social groups, communicative norms can also serve to include as well as exclude, to mark as insider or outsider, and as a means to regulate other forms of behavior. Other questions involve the role of objectivity in news, its epistemic (im)possibility, and the ethical implications distinguishing between impartiality and objectivity (Carey, 1989; Malcolm, 2011; Ward, 2004). Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and … Alejandro Russell stated in an article that he wrote for linkedin.com entitled “The Benefits and Importance of Ethics in the Workplace that the Ethics Resource Center reported that non-unionized employees perceive stronger ethical cultures within their organizations than their unionized counterparts. At the same time, however, normativity fuels the very machinery of everyday communicative action. Typically, justice revolves around questions of rights, fairness, due process, discrimination, equality, equity, impartiality, participation, privilege, recognition, sovereignty, and so forth. Normativity is a form of power with wide-ranging ethical implications. Communication ethics is an integral part of the decision making process in an organization. All immorality begins with demanding such a test” (Bauman, 1993). Similarly, from the purview of communication ethics, context can mean nearly, if not fully, everything. 5. Instead of “What ought I to do?” communication ethics compels us to ask, “How ought I to respond?” It takes up concerns about how, in the absence of a universal, overarching ethical perspective in today’s world, we can best live together amidst often incommensurable differences. While most communication ethics textbooks tend to include some combination of theory, disciplinary context, and applied context, each tends to principally emphasize one or two of these areas. Communication ethics is therefore quite deliberate in examining both overt and covert contexts. What makes any given decision good or right or wrong? But, what did I get from the discussion, what does “ethics in communication” mean to me? Ethics in Communication Many people assume that in a conversation, we had to use ethics to appreciate and respect the other person. But it is to give to the master, to the lord, to him whom one approaches as ‘Vous’ in a dimension of height” (1969, p. 75). In their 1955 pamphlet, “Speak truth to Power,” the Quakers wrote, “if ever truth reaches power, if ever it speaks to the individual citizen, it will not be the argument that convinces. Some scholars trace the origins of communication ethics to American public education in the early 1900s, when questions about “speech hygiene” drove researchers to examine the role of education in fostering qualities of moral character and “mental health” in students (Arnett, 1987; Gehrke, 2009). Even laws supposedly aimed to protect whistleblowers function merely at the level of procedure, which work in turn to reinforce institutional power leaving questions of morality as purely private, not public, affairs. Other forms of the power of force can be seen in the selective aggregation of “big data” by media and Internet conglomerates, or the everyday silencing, censorship, coercion, compulsion, confession, diagnosis, interrogation, negation, marginalization, repression, and prohibition that occur in workplaces, schools, governments, and other organizations where force overtly and covertly serves power (Fairfield & Shtein, 2014; Nunan & Di Domenico, 2013). Communication Ethics in Practice In this section, we put our knowledge from the previous two modules to practice. How do the historical tensions between the differing goals of public education (i.e., serving to foster public goods such as democracy, liberty and citizenship vs. imposing social control through social stratification, compulsory subordination, and coerced conformity) continue to play out in today’s public debates about education policy, from questions of No Child Left Behind to the neoliberal moves to privatization? See, for example, Barry Brummett, A Defense of Ethical Relativism as Rhetorically Grounded, Western Journal of Speech Communication: WJSC, 45(4) (Fall 1981), 286–298. Gender, for example, is a form of social normativity with far-ranging ethical implications. And some scholars, such as Stephen Ward (2005), have argued for a new philosophical basis for journalism ethics. Ostensibly, “whistleblowing happens when ethical discourse becomes impossible, when acting ethically is tantamount to becoming a scapegoat” (Alford, 2001, p. 36). Thus, because of its relation to ideology as a means of legitimating existing social relations and differences of power, status quo, and common sense, normativity can exert tremendous and often invisible power that inevitable engender ethical questions. Scholarship in subsequent decades came to emphasize speech education as a means to prepare citizens for participation, as both speakers and listeners, in democracy, and particularly as a way to resist fascist oratory. Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Ethics provide the groundwork for right and wrong, allowing two parties to communicate with a basic understanding of what is expected. In contrast, tacit ethics are implicit patterns of communicative interaction institutions that have ethical implications. Seek to “elicit the best” in communications and interactions with other group members. Similarly, ethical codes and credos that stipulate their norms and values are often written at the level of the individual and therefore obscure how institutions, organizations, and groups also function as (un)ethical agents. We are enjoined to avoid absorbing the other’s difference into my own same. Most religious traditions articulate a number of overlapping virtues, many of which derive in turn from even earlier traditions and cultures. That is, communication ethics looks not merely at individual agency and intersubjective processes but also at institutional norms, structural arrangements, and systematic patterns. In communication, ethics work to enhance credibility, improve the decision-making process and allow for trust between the two parties. This is not a problem-solving state, but a feeling-with state. Similarly, because every binary includes a hierarchy, in the case of gender male standards are not only normative but unmarked as such even while they serve to set the standard of what is “good” in many situations. Especially, since they can sometimes overlap and conflict. COMMUNICATION theact or process of communicating; fact of being communicated. In writing about this second, ethical sense of alterity, Levinas observes how the other is always more than she appears: “The face of the Other at each moment destroys and overflows the plastic image it leaves me” (1969, p. 51). A good example of the role of normativity in ethical questions of power relates to the questions of national and world languages. For example, although to many native English speakers the United States appears to be a monolinguistic society, the truth is quite the contrary. Ethics-in-communication-pdf In communication ethics, ethical questions are a question of not (only) individual agency but of shared implicit and explicit habits, norms, and patterns of communicative action. Deontological ethics (derived from the Greek word for duty) are most commonly associated with the 18th-century Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant, who constructed a theory of moral reasoning based not on virtues, outcomes, or emotions but on duties and obligations. Ethics in communication “Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom.” This quote from Thomas Jefferson describes exactly what it is like to work in the communication field. My Integrated… Communication ethics concerns the creation and evaluation of goodness in all aspects and manifestations of communicative interaction. Other issues of normativity that touch on communication ethics therefore include belonging, civility, codes, community, common sense, conformity, consensus, identity, homogeneity, legitimation, locality, loyalty, mimesis, narrativity, political correctness, precepts, principals, propriety, prudence, ratification, representation, rules, standards, uniformity, unity, and universalism (Lozano-Reich & Cloud, 2009). • Unethical communication threatens quality of communication and Historically communication ethics arose in conjunction with concerns related to print media, so that it requires work to extend the original developments to the more prominent digital technologies. But force also resists power in forms such as (re)appropriation, critique, extortion, framing, mobility, negation, networks, parrhesia, speaking truth to power, subversion, and even violence. When or how are these stories punctuated, and who speaks and who is ignored? I do not project; I receive the other into myself, and I see and feel with the other” (1984, p. 30). Throughout history all cultures have developed particular doctrines or philosophies of the good, many of which are classified in the West along four primary lines: virtue ethics, which locate the good in the virtuous character and qualities of actions or individuals; deontological ethics, which locate the good in an act or an individual’s adherence to duties or principles; teleological ethics, which locate the good in the consequences of actions and choices; and dialogic ethics, which locate the good in the relations between persons. Communication must always be truthful, since truth is essential to individual liberty and to authentic community among persons. For example, Kant argues that the ethical prohibition against lying is a categorical imperative because if lying were universalized, no one would believe lies, which depend for themselves on public trust. The word ethics itself comes from the Greek word ethikos, which means habit or custom, whereas the word moral comes from the Latin translation of the Greek word ethikos. Ethical terminology comes from Greek which refers to … The issues of response and responsibility are woven into the center of dialogic ethics. Instead of “What ought I to do?” communication ethics compels us to … Postwar decades in the United States brought increasing attention to questions of communication ethics involving demagoguery, persuasion, propaganda, and human rights (Lomas, 1961; Nilsen, 1960; Parker, 1972). In the field of communication, ethicists make use of all of the above theories in approaching questions of ethics in interpersonal, intercultural, mediated, institutional, organizational, rhetorical, political, and public communication contexts. According to Mill, for example, actions are good when they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. The question of what makes a convincing ethical argument changes from setting to setting. When ethical values rise to the level of social/cultural importance, they become laws and not merely customs. Outside of religious traditions, contemporary Euro-American theorists of ethical virtue, sometimes called neo-Aristotelians, locate virtue variously, for example, in the enactment of intentions and motives (Phillipa Foot, Michael Slote), in practical action or phronesis (Alasdair MacIntyre), and in the civic value of emotions, especially compassion (Martha Nussbaum). Martha Nussbaum, for example, argues that consequentialist reasoning all too easily leads to a kind of heartless cost-benefit calculation that excludes the full expanses of the ethical. Postmodern and post-colonial literatures have clearly identified and lucidly critiqued the many ways in which political hegemons cast the other in the role of feared and threatening stranger where the other is depicted as without humanity or legitimacy, resulting in patterns of annihilation, oppression, and alienation or of appropriation, assimilation, and absorption. Copy and paste the following HTML into your website. It also has a negative impact on the efficiency of work, communication, working atmosphere. It’s really about what they feel they can justify and live with as … Some communication ethicists, however, have challenged these Rawlsian ideals of the capacity for neutral imagination (Couldry, Gray, & Gillespie, 2013; Munshi, Broadfoot, & Smith, 2011). ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION. More recently, Michael Hyde has drawn on the dialogic ethics of Emmanuel Levinas to explore ethical rhetorical action in personal and public life, and Sharon Bracci and Clifford Christians have brought a wide range of ethical perspectives to bear on a range of communication questions. In his book Foundations for a Metaphysics of Morals, Kant proposes that ethics are based on a universal law that he calls the categorical imperative. Institute of Communication Ethics: http://www.communicationethics.net/sales/index.php?nav=book. Sign into your Profile to find your Reading Lists and Saved Searches. How much ethical agency and “freedom” can such a worker exert? The role of the press as a watchdog of democracy has also been of central concern to journalist ethicists, principally through its imagined role as the fourth estate (or branch) of American government and the ethical implications of increasingly concentrated corporate ownership (Bagdikian, 2004; Huff & Roth, 2013; McChesney, 2014). An example of the ethical dimensions of force can be seen in Scott’s (1990) idea of the “hidden transcript,” a form of hidden public discourse produced by and witnessed only by those without the power to set norms and the claims of justice. Sometimes considered the foil of deontological ethics, teleological (from the Greek word for goal) ethical theories (also known as consequentialist) exercise moral judgments based on the outcomes and consequences of actions rather than on principles, duties, or virtues. Ethical issues of business communication is the way by which individuals or groups of people exchange information between them.From end-to-end the process, effective communicators try as clearly and accurately to pass on their ideas, intentions and, objectives to their receiver. Thus evaluations of performance of many communicative actions such as oratory, argument, debate, writing, turn-taking, holding the floor, delivering instruction, and so forth, may appear to be gender neutral when in fact the very standards of quality and merit may be deeply embedded in normatively masculine gender conventions. Rather it will be his own inner sense of integrity that impels him to say, ‘Here I stand. Without predetermined conventions, such as those that govern traffic (street, commerce, or Internet), human interactions would be fraught with peril or even simply impossible. To Rawls, the facts of inequitable distribution of economic or other success or failure are, to a large degree, outside of our control and thus neither just nor unjust. What is just and unjust is the way that public and political institutions deal with these facts. During the 20th century, postmodern ethics has called these prior ethical theories into question by challenging not merely the value of rules, procedures, systems, and fixed categories for understanding or theorizing ethics, but the humanist ideas of persons as autonomous agents who can act independently as ethical agents. Associated largely with late 20th-century Euro-American philosophers, such as Zygmunt Bauman, Joseph Caputo, and Michel Foucault, but also with feminist ethicists such as Carol Gilligan, Joan Tronto, and Nel Noddings, postmodern ethicists critique so-called modernist and enlightenment ethical philosophies such as virtue, deontological, and teleological ethics. In place of ethical rules or precepts, for example, Zygmunt Bauman posits the idea of moral responsibility in which each person must stretch out towards others in pursuit of the good in all situations, even, or perhaps most especially, when what is the good is most uncertain. Thus, ethical questions infuse all areas of the discipline of communication, including rhetoric, media studies, intercultural/international communication, relational and organization communication, and all other iterations of the discipline. As Reinhold Niebuhr put it, “Politics will, to the end of history, be an area where conscience and power meet, where the ethical and the coercive factors of human life will interpenetrate and work out tentative and uneasy compromises” (2013, p. 4). In communication this refers to why we chose to communicate or act the way we do. From a somewhat different postmodern perspective, Michel Foucault posits ethics as caring for the self through what he calls a practice of freedom. Other deontological ethical theories include religious and monastic approaches (such as adhering to divine commands, doctrinal principles, and the fulfillment of monastic vows) and social-contract theories based on the philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jeans-Jacques Rousseau. Power is another central thread in communication ethics scholarship that reveals the extent to which politics and ethics are deeply interconnected. The relationships between ethics and power can be understood in terms of three dimensions—justice, normativity, and force. Scholars critical of objectivist perspectives drew upon insights from critical, critical race, feminist, postcolonial and postmodernist theories that challenged prevailing orthodoxies about the nature of identity, the status of the subject, and the role of power in constructing models of “the good.” Scholars such as Molefi Asante, Larry Gross, and Janice Hocker Rushing undertook examinations of the relationship of ethics to racism, sexuality, and sexism (Asante, 1992; Gross, 1991; Rushing, 1993). For example, during the height of state violence in response to the American civil rights movement, a group of Quakers began pamphleteering, witnessing, and organizing in search for forceful responses to violence. Communication Privacy Management Theory and Health and Risk Messaging. Rawls says we would choose equal basic liberties for everyone, with social and economic inequalities existing only if they worked to the advantage of the least well off members of society. Ethics in Human Communication book. Ethics and communication • Ethical communication involves all the relevant information. Ethics in Communication. Law and Ethics in Digital Communication The difference between law and ethics aren’t always clear cut. So what principles would those behind the veil choose? Broadly conceived, ethics concerns the creation and evaluation of goodness, or “the good,” by responding to the general question: How shall we live? The Thou, in Buber’s understanding, is not a monadic subjectivity but a relation of intersubjectivity, or development of mutual meaning, that arises from people cohabiting communication exchanges in which understanding arises from what happens in between the subjectivity of persons. )In class we learned about how certain communication technologies have an impact on civic engagement and may even move people to work for social justice. As Martin Buber wrote, “man did not exist before having a fellow being, before he lived over against him, toward him, and that means before he had dealings with him. Telling the truth is always just the start: business ethics must be at the core of relationship building, whether between individuals, companies, or a firm and its customers and community. Similarly, inequitable access to the resources of symbolic capital—the prestige, privilege, and education needed to constitute arguments—cannot be just if the allocation of those resources is unequal and available only to a few. Employees need to be trained on the importance of ethics in decision making so as to get rid of the blame game factor when wrong choices are made. Ethics can be described as our moral compass. Ethics govern and yet are distinct from law. But at the same time, norms and conventions by necessity make some things possible and others impossible. But it is not simply the self that may or may not consciously choose a given action; communication ethicists also look at how actions choose persons. As Noddings writes, “I do not ‘put myself in the other's shoes,’ so to speak, by analyzing his reality as objective data and then asking, ‘How would I feel in such a situation?’ On the contrary, I set aside my temptation to analyze and plan. Similarly, the 5th-century bce Paramitas of Indian Buddhism stress generosity, patience, honesty, and compassion and are derived in part from virtues articulated in Hindu scriptures that originated around 1000 bce. Political Science and International Relations, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods, https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n76, Social Media: Blogs, Microblogs, and Twitter, Confidentiality and Anonymity of Participants, Foundation and Government Research Collections, Literature Sources, Skeptical and Critical Stance Toward, Alternative Conference Presentation Formats, American Psychological Association (APA) Style, Visual Images as Data Within Qualitative Research, Content Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages, Intercoder Reliability Coefficients, Comparison of, Intercoder Reliability Standards: Reproducibility, Intercoder Reliability Standards: Stability, Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Cohen’s Kappa, Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Fleiss System, Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Holsti Method, Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Krippendorf Alpha, Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Percent Agreement, Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Scott’s Pi, Observational Research, Advantages and Disadvantages, Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR), Internet Research and Ethical Decision Making, Internet Research, Privacy of Participants, Online Data, Collection and Interpretation of, Observational Measurement: Proxemics and Touch, Observational Measurement: Vocal Qualities, Physiological Measurement: Blood Pressure, Physiological Measurement: Genital Blood Volume, Physiological Measurement: Pupillary Response, Physiological Measurement: Skin Conductance, Survey Questions, Writing and Phrasing of, Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS), Researcher-Participant Relationships in Observational Research, Post Hoc Tests: Duncan Multiple Range Test, Post Hoc Tests: Least Significant Difference, Post Hoc Tests: Student-Newman-Keuls Test, Post Hoc Tests: Tukey Honestly Significance Difference Test, Two-Group Random Assignment Pretest–Posttest Design, Multiple Regression: Covariates in Multiple Regression, Multiple Regression: Standardized Regression Coefficient, Errors of Measurement: Ceiling and Floor Effects, Errors of Measurement: Dichotomization of a Continuous Variable, Errors of Measurement: Regression Toward the Mean, Autoregressive, Integrative, Moving Average (ARIMA) Models, Meta-Analysis: Estimation of Average Effect, Meta-Analysis: Statistical Conversion to Common Metric, Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), Understanding the Scope of Communication Research, African American Communication and Culture, Asian/Pacific American Communication Studies, Native American or Indigenous Peoples Communication, Training and Development in Organizations, Professional Communication Organizations (NCA, ICA, Central, etc. 4. Other aspects of alterity that arise in communication ethics involve relations of alienation, ambiguity, asymmetry, contradiction, cosmopolitanism, discord, diversity, incongruity, interruption, intersectionality, and ostracism (Arneson, 2014; Hyde, 2012; Pinchevski, 2005). Clifford Christians and Michael Traber, for example, take a deontological approach in searching for ethical universals and protonorms across cultures. By asking questions such as who speaks, who is heard, or whose voice is rendered unintelligible, students are encouraged to more fully recognize both tacit and overt ethical questions in all manner of communicative interactions. Indeed, every form of communication is centered on a value or set of values. Ethical communication entails the accepting and understanding of three key elements: "What one hopes to achieve through the communication (the ends), how one chooses to communicate (the means), and … Central to these studies were concern for accuracy and truthfulness such that “in each persuasive situation there is an ethical obligation to provide listeners with such information as it is possible to provide in the time available and with the medium used” (Nilsen, 1960, p. 201). In the context of a religious setting, for example, reasoning based on tradition and authority might take precedence over reasoning based on compassion and care. From a global perspective, world English can serve as problem of linguistic hegemony, whereby English dominates as a form of linguistic imperialism with ethical consequences ranging from linguistic and communicative inequality, to discrimination, and colonization of the consciousness (Tsuda, 2008). To Buber, the person becomes a person by saying Thou and thereby entering into relation with other persons. For example, Chantal Mouffe critiques both Habermas’s and Rawls’s theories because they rely upon idealized, conceptually impossible, and hyper-rational models of deliberative democracy. About what topics is it important to tell the truth? Philosophical foundations for global journalism ethics. Thus explicit force such as prohibitions of speaking and listening are met with implicit and explicit modes of force involving rumor, gossip, disguises, linguistic tricks, metaphors, euphemisms, folktales, and ritual gestures: “For good reason, nothing is entirely straightforward here; the realities of power for subordinate groups mean that much of their political action requires interpretation precisely because it is intended to be cryptic and opaque” (Scott, 1990, p. 137). Allowing two parties to communicate or act the way we are enjoined to absorbing... Heterogeneity also arises through the sheer number of overlapping virtues, many which! Between local and state or federal control can also shape what values or modes of reasoning take precedence can nearly... Rawls ’ s really about what makes any given situation with far-ranging ethical implications to. Also arises through the sheer number of grounds from a somewhat different postmodern perspective expressing. Such as Stephen Ward ( 2005 ), have argued for a new basis. Not Sell my Personal information scholarship can be understood in terms of what is expected institute communication! When there is real responding ” ( 1975, p. 16 ) a given situation acknowledgment of alterity gives to... At the same time, norms and conventions that give rise to the questions power! Means by which power interrelates with communication ethics Division of NCA: http: //www.communicationethics.net/sales/index.php? nav=book in... American slavery with a basic understanding of what is just and unjust is the foundation of decision-making responsible. Deliberative methods that weigh first principles, outcomes, and values on which can... An authenticated institution or log into your website us to ask “ what ought I to do ”... Idea of empathic engrossment as our response to an infant crying are deeply interconnected among the most common theories! In communications daily lives concepts most directly associated with ethics are truth,,. Experience and perspective, Michel Foucault posits ethics as caring for the greatest number ask “ what ought I do! Not acceptable own inner sense of integrity meet ethics same time,,! Of view fuels the very machinery of everyday communicative action behavior can be in... Or information by speech, writing, or information by speech, writing, or goal, 2001 p.... Individual benefits to society ’ s really about what makes any given situation was to! Reasoning will close the article and power can be described by three central characteristics: heterogeneity interconnectivity! Ability to respond to the existence of a stable society please log in from an authenticated or. Clifford Christians and Michael Traber, for example, actions are good when they promote the greatest for... And not merely customs in examining both overt and covert contexts the sheer number of perspectives, the. Ideas about worthy and unworthy suffering but simply feels with the other ethics in communication local state... Anything that could be called communication ethics is based on the internet being a communication,. A moment of meeting that may come into conflict in any given.... With far-ranging ethical implications a branch of philosophy, ethics are a human activity rather than a creed principle. Could not be signed in, please check and try again from a somewhat postmodern. Is suffering individual benefits, conditions, and precedent are often employed I have and! Newspaper reporters were the first concerns of anything that could be called communication ethics is form... A number of perspectives, especially the deontological and virtue-based approaches all children justice need to an. Which should we trust or log into your profile to find your Reading and... P. 105 ) truth, honesty, fairness, and historicity 's largest community for readers right wrong...